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Evolution of temperatures in the postglacial period, after the (LGM), showing very low temperatures for the most part of the Younger Dryas, rapidly rising afterwards to reach the level of the warm, based on.The Younger Dryas (around 12,900 to 11,700 years ) was a return to glacial conditions after the, which temporarily reversed the gradual warming after the (LGM) started receding around 20,000 BP. It is named after an indicator, the - wildflower, as its leaves are occasionally abundant in late glacial, often minerogenic-rich sediments, such as the lake sediments of.Physical evidence of a sharp decline in temperature over most of the has been discovered by geological research. This temperature change occurred at the end of what the refer to as the and immediately before the current, warmer epoch. In, this time frame coincides with the final stages of the in many areas.The Younger Dryas was the most recent and longest of several interruptions to the gradual warming of the Earth's climate since the severe LGM, about 27,000 to 24,000 years BP. The change was relatively sudden, taking place in decades, and it resulted in a decline of temperatures in Greenland by 4 to 10°C (7.2 to 18°F) and advances of glaciers and drier conditions, over much of the temperate Northern Hemisphere. It is thought to have been caused by a decline in the strength of the, which transports warm water from the towards the, in turn thought to have been caused by an influx of fresh, cold water from North America to the Atlantic.The Younger Dryas was a period of climatic change, but the effects were complex and variable. In the Southern Hemisphere and some areas of the Northern Hemisphere, such as southeastern North America, a slight warming occurred.

Main article:A hypothesized, presumed to have occurred in North America about 12,900 years ago, has been proposed as the mechanism that initiated the Younger Dryas cooling.Among other things, findings of melt-glass material in sediments in Pennsylvania, South Carolina and Syria have been reported. The researchers argue that the material, which dates back nearly 13,000 years, was formed at temperatures of 1,700 to 2,200 °C (3,100 to 4,000 °F) as the result of a impact. They argue that these findings support the controversial Younger Dryas Boundary (YDB) hypothesis that the bolide impact occurred at the onset of the Younger Dryas. The hypothesis has been questioned in research that concluded that most of the results cannot be confirmed by other scientists and that the authors misinterpreted the data.After a review of the sediments found at the sites, new research has found that the sediments claimed by hypothesis proponents to be deposits resulting from a bolide impact date from much later or much earlier times than the proposed date of the cosmic impact. The researchers examined 29 sites commonly referenced to support the impact theory to determine if they can be geologically dated to around 13,000 years ago. Crucially, only three of those sites actually date from then.Charles R.

Kinzie, et al. Looked at the distribution of nanodiamonds produced during extraterrestrial collisions: 50 million km 2 of the Northern Hemisphere at the YDB were found to have the nanodiamonds. Only two layers exist showing these nanodiamonds: the YDB 12,800 calendar years ago and the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary, 65 million years ago, which, in addition, is marked by mass extinctions.New support for the cosmic-impact hypothesis of the origin of the YDB was published in 2018. It postulates Earth's collision with one or more fragments from a larger (over 100-km diameter) disintegrating comet (some remnants of which have persisted within the inner solar system to the present day).

Evidence is presented consistent with large-scale biomass burning (wildfires) following the putative collision. The evidence is derived from analyses of ice cores, glaciers, lake- and marine-sediment cores, and terrestrial sequences.Evidence that adds further to the credibility of this hypothesis includes extraterrestrial platinum, which has been found in meteorites. There are multiple sites around the world with spikes in levels of platinum that are associated with the, of which at least 25 are major. Although most of these sites are found in the, a recent study in October 2019 has found and confirmed another major site with high platinum levels located in the Wonderkrater area north of in. This coincides with the in southern which also happens to contain high levels of platinum as well as rare metallic spherules, gold and high-temperature iron that is rarely found in nature and suspected of originating from airbursts or impacts. These high platinum zones further add to the credibility of the Younger Dryas impact hypothesis.Laacher See eruption hypothesis The volcano erupted at approximately the same time as the beginning of the Younger Dryas, and has historically been suggested as a possible cause.

Laacher See is a, a lake within a broad low-relief about 2 km (1.2 mi) diameter. It is in, about 24 km (15 mi) northwest of and 37 km (23 mi) south of. The maar lake is within the mountain range, and is part of the within the larger. This eruption was of sufficient size, 6, with over 20 km 3 (2.4 cu mi) tephra ejected, to have caused significant temperature change in the Northern Hemisphere.Currently available evidence suggests that the hypothesis that the Laacher See eruption triggered the Younger Dryas has considerable merit. Earlier, the hypothesis was dismissed based on the timing of the Laacher See Tephra relative to the clearest signs of associated with the Younger Dryas Event within various Central European varved lake deposits.

This set the scene for the development of the Younger Dryas Impact Hypothesis and the meltwater pulse hypothesis. However, more recent research places the very large eruption of the Laacher See volcano at 12,880 years BP, coinciding with the initiation of North Atlantic cooling into the Younger Dryas. Although the eruption was about twice size as the, it contained considerably more sulfur, potentially rivalling the climatologically very significant in terms of amount of sulfur introduced into the atmosphere. Evidence exists that an eruption of this magnitude and sulfur content occurring during could trigger a long-term involving sea ice and oceanic circulation, resulting in a cascade of climate shifts across the North Atlantic and the globe. Further support for this hypothesis appears as a large volcanogenic sulfur spike within Greenland ice, coincident with both the date of the Laacher See eruption and the beginning of cooling into the Younger Dryas as recorded in Greenland.

This section relies largely or entirely on a single. Relevant discussion may be found on the. Please help by introducing to additional sources.Find sources: – ( March 2019)Studies suggest correlations between the Younger Dryas and a that exploded within the constellation of approximately around the same time, leaving behind what is now known as the. Researchers who studied effects of nearby supernovae on earth uncovered suggestive correlating evidence during the Younger Dryas, including depletion of the ozone layer, increased exposure, nitrogen changes on the Earth's surface and in the, evidence of global cooling, changes in and in ice cores, a thin layer (about 30 cm) of “black mats”, and many extinctions that may have been caused by the explosion of the Vela supernova.While no cause is determined for the extinction of many species, a combination of some climatic change or being hunted by humans is suggested as a cause.

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Most of the species that became extinct were cold-blooded species and megafauna, including,. Survivors of the Younger Dryas included nocturnal, low-birthrate species residing in the mountainous or forest-like terrains of the Americas, Eurasia, Australia, and Madagascar. The largest, slow-breeding, diurnal species that lived in more open spaces survived in the lower parts of Africa.Across faunal and paleoindian hunting sites, evidence existed of carbon-rich “black mats” that were around 30 cm in thickness, suggesting an abrupt change that occurred in a small time window and a rise in aquatic conditions. Brakenridge also discusses pollen-core research that suggests global cooling conditions not to have just occurred in the northern latitudes, but also latitudes as far as 41°S. Tree-ring evidence shows a rise in 14C cosmogenic isotope. The increase may have also occurred around the same time as the increase of another cosmogenic isotope, 10Be.Another hypothesis discussed is that effects of a supernova could have been a factor in the Younger Dryas. Effects of a supernova have been suggested before, but without confirming evidence.

Potential evidence that these effects could have been caused by a celestial event, a supernova, are observations of and have been compared to nebular records to test this, as well as supernovae flash models, comparable to the records of in-galaxy supernovae, to study the effects of such an event on Earth. These effects include depletion of the ozone layer, increased UV exposure, global cooling, and nitrogen changes in the Earth's surface and troposphere. As Brakenridge states, the only supernova possible at that time was the Vela supernova, now classified as the Vela supernova remnant. Most geologists regard this hypothesis as an academic exercise by astronomers with little knowledge of earth system science. See also.